Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. Having or based on the idea that your own group or culture is better or more important than others.
Ethnocentric individuals believe that they are better than other individuals for reasons based solely on their heritage. Clearly, this practice is related to problems of both racism and prejudice.
While many people may recognize the problems, they may not realize that ethnocentrism occurs everywhere and everyday at both the local and political levels.
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. Cultural relativism is widely accepted in modern anthropology. Cultural relativists believe that all cultures are worthy in their own right and are of equal value. Cultural relativism is closely related to ethical relativism, which views truth as variable and not absolute. Cultural relativism sees nothing inherently wrong (and nothing inherently good) with any cultural expression.
A counterculture (also written counter-culture) is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores.
A countercultural action or expression communicates disagreement, opposition, disobedience or rebellion. A counterculture rejects or challenges mainstream culture or particualr elements of it.
This might mean:
- Protesting against a particular situation or issue
- Rebelling against the accepted or acceptable way of doing things
- Struggling for liberation when you are oppressed or marginalised
- Finding new ways to represent yourself when you are misrepresented or simply not represented
- Creating your own culture when you are dissatisfied with the culture that is made for you
Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive foreign policy.[1] Jingoism also refers to a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism.
Jingoism comes from the word jingo, the nickname for a group of British people who always wanted to go to war to prove the superiority of Britain. Now we use jingoism for that kind of aggressive, chauvinistic behavior in any country, or for things intended to stir up war-thirst and blind patriotism. If you see a TV show tries to get viewers to support a military cause without a critical look at whether war is necessary, call it jingoism.
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible, without any respect for human rights.
Totalitarianism refers to an authoritarian political system or state that regulates and controls nearly every aspect of the public and private sectors. Totalitarian regimes establish complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects, and are usually headed by a charismatic leader. In general, Totalitarianism involves a single mass party, typically led by a dictator; an attempt to mobilize the entire population in support of the official state ideology; and an intolerance of activities which are not directed towards the goals of the state, usually entailing repression and state control of business, labour unions, churches and political parties. A totalitarian regime is essentially a modern form of authoritarian state, requiring as it does an advanced technology of social control.
Most commentators consider the first real totalitarian regimes to have been formed in the mid-20th Century, in the chaos following World War I, at which point the sophistication of modern weapons and communications enabled totalitarian movements to consolidate power in:
- Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (1878 - 1953), from 1928 to 1953.
- Italy under Benito Mussolini (1883 - 1945), from 1922 to 1943.
- Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler (1889 - 1945) from 1933 to 1945.
- Spain under Francisco Franco (1892 - 1975), from 1936 to 1975.
- Portugal under António de Oliveira Salazar (1889 - 1970), from 1932 to 1974.
a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries
Voluntarism, sometimes referred to as voluntary action, is the principle that individuals are free to choose goals and how to achieve them within the bounds of certain societal and cultural constraints, as opposed to actions that are coerced or predetermined.
Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. In the United States, it is perfectly clear that some groups have greater status, power, and wealth than other groups. These differences are what led to social stratification.
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