Cell wall - It helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. It is a thick outer layer made of cellulose.
Nucleus - Organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. Its main function is to store DNA and regulate cell activity such as metabolism and reproduction. They are the membrane bound organelles, which are found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the very important organelle of a cell as it controls the complete activity of a cell and also plays a vital role in reproduction.
Nuclear membrane - The bilayer membrane, which protects the nucleus by surrounding around it and acts as a barrier between the cell nucleus and other organs of a cell.
Mitochondrion - Provides ATP for cellular activity. It play a vital role in generating and transforming the energy. Mitochondria play a vital role in various functions of the cell metabolisms including oxidative phosphorylation.
The Threesomes:
Ribosomes - Ribosomes are small particles, present in large numbers in all the living cells. They are sites of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are the cellular component that make proteins from all amino acids. Ribosomes are freely suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum forming the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It plays a vital role in protein synthesis.
Lysosome - act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted materials in the cytoplasm
Peroxisome - A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation. Also functions to detoxify harmful molecules. It helps in cell renewal and break down old cell parts.
Golgi Apparatus - Modifies and packages protein into vesicles. In most cases proteins are transferred From Rough ER to Golgi for ‘finishing’. It helps in the movement of materials within the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum consists of:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface. Manufacture of secreted proteins. This organelle plays a large role in the synthesis of large, complex proteins and amino acids.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Aids the manufacture of carbohydrates. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. It carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism. Smooth ER plays a large part in detoxifying a number of organic chemicals converting them to safer water-soluble products.
Cytoplasm - The jelly-like fluid that fills a cell is called cytoplasm. It is made up of mostly water and salt. Aids in the movement of cellular materials and transporting the genetic material and products of cellular respiration. It protects the cell by keeping the cell organelles separate from each other. This helps to keep a cell in stable. Cytoplasm is the site, where many vital biochemical reactions take place.
Vacuoles - The main function of vacuoles is to contain the waste products of the cells and isolate them from the rest of the organelles and the cytoplasm. Vacuoles maintain an acidic pH internally. This allows them to denature misfolded proteins transferred to the vacuole from the cytoplasm. The vacuoles can also help remove unwanted or toxic materials from the cells by exporting them to the cell membrane, where they are released to the outside surroundings of the cell. This process is known as exocytosis. It helps plants in maintaining its shape and it also stores water, food, wastes, etc.
Nucleolus - Sites for rRNA synthesis. The creation of rRNA is important because rRNA makes up ribosomes which are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell. It plays a vital role in the production of cell's ribosome.
Vesicles - releasing materials to be secreted from the cell by fusing to cell membrane.
Centriole - The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis).
Cytoskeleton - the cytoskeleton gives a cell its shape, offers support, and facilitates movement through three main components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Plasma membrane - The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells.
Chloroplasts (Plants only) - work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells.
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